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The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is a diagnostic tool used to rate a person's psychopathic or antisocial tendencies. People who are psychopathic prey ruthlessly on others using charm, deceit, violence or other methods that allow them to get with they want. The symptoms of psychopathy include: lack of a conscience or sense of guilt, lack of empathy, egocentricity, pathological lying, repeated violations of social norms, disregard for the law, shallow emotions, and a history of victimizing others. Originally designed to assess people accused or convicted of crimes, the PCL-R consists of a 20-item symptom rating scale that allows qualified examiners to compare a subject's degree of psychopathy with that of a prototypical psychopath. It is accepted by many in the field as the best method for determining the presence and extent of psychopathy in a person. The Hare checklist is still used to diagnose members of the original population for which it was developed— adult males in prisons, criminal psychiatric hospitals, and awaiting psychiatric evaluations or trial in other correctional and detention facilities. Recent experience suggests that the PCL-R may also be used effectively to diagnose sex offenders as well as female and adolescent offenders.
Purpose The PCL-R is used for diagnosing psychopathy in individuals for clinical, legal or research purposes. Developed in the early 1990s, the test was originally designed to identify the degree of a person's psychopathic tendencies. Because psychopaths, however, are often repeat offenders who commit sexual assaults or other violent crimes again and again, the PCL-R is now finding use in the courtroom and in institutions as an indicator of the potential risk posed by subjects or prisoners. The results of the examination have been used in forensic settings as a factor in deciding the length and type of prison sentences and the treatment subjects should or should not receive.
Precautions Obviously, diagnosing someone as a psychopath is a very serious step. It has important implications for a person and for his or her associates in family, clinical and forensic settings. Therefore, the test must be administered by professionals who have been specifically trained in its use and who have a wide-ranging and up-to-date familiarity with studies of psychopathy. Professionals who administer the diagnostic examination should have advanced degrees (M.D., Ph.D., or D.Ed.) in a medical, behavioral or social science field; and registered with a reputable organization that oversees psychiatric or psychological testing and diagnostic procedures. Other recommendations include experience working with convicted or accused criminals or several years of some other related on-the-job training. Because the results are used so often in legal cases, those who administer it should be qualified to serve as expert witnesses in the courtroom.
It is also a good idea, if possible, for two experts to test a subject independently with the PCL-R. The final rating would then be determined by averaging their scores. Many studies conducted in North America and Europe attest to the value of the PCL-R for evaluating a person's degree of psychopathic traits and, in many cases, for predicting the likelihood of future violent behavior. Some critics, however, are more skeptical about its value. Description The Hare PCL-R contains two parts, a semi-structured interview and a review of the subject's file records and history. During the evaluation, the clinician scores 20 items that measure central elements of the psychopathic character. The items cover the nature of the subject's interpersonal relationships; his or her affective or emotional involvement; responses to other people and to situations; evidence of social deviance; and lifestyle.
The material thus covers two key aspects that help define the psychopath: selfish and unfeeling victimization of other people, and an unstable and antisocial lifestyle. Results When properly completed by a qualified professional, the PCL-R provides a total score that indicates how closely the test subject matches the 'perfect' score that a classic or prototypical psychopath would rate. Each of the twenty items is given a score of 0, 1, or 2 based on how well it applies to the subject being tested. A prototypical psychopath would receive a maximum score of 40, while someone with absolutely no psychopathic traits or tendencies would receive a score of zero. A score of 30 or above qualifies a person for a of psychopathy.
People with no criminal backgrounds normally score around 5. Many non-psychopathic criminal offenders score around 22. Helcast, what do we do?
Unfortunately many pyschopaths remain unidentified and are members of society- a constant threat and an unnerving thought. The guy in the VT shooting, however, was not diagnosed because his instructors and family ignored the warning signs (which to me seemed quite blatant). It's scary world. Geri, my cousin is also a psychopath. You're so noble for caring for your granddaughter and her mom.
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I wish you strength and blessings. For my cousin, we just have to constantly be frank but nurturing to him. We make sure he knows that he is being erratic when he's behaving as such.we let him know how he SHOULD feel about certain things. The more we individualize him, the more he's able to recognize what will gain him affection and respect. I am a psychopath, as I have been recently diagnosed.
We are not all violent and mean. Some of us, me for example, are simply empty. We feel little and are as shallow as a baking pan. I am not out to hurt you or anyone else for that matter but, Gregg, do not get your hopes up about guiding us to the social norm. Actually understanding the social norm is the problem.
Our brains are wired so differently that society and its patterns make no sense. I, personally, have to ask 'why' to everything. If no one can provide a clear why, I create one and it's usually a very askew perspective. Therein lies the problem.
Things have to fit our schema before we can apply them. Violence is often associated with psychopaths and sociopaths because it makes for great drama but a psychopath can have a very successful life without harming anyone; They just don't connect to others as normal people do. My son is just 16 and all his life he has been diagnosed Aspergers Syndrome, ADHD and ODD. Recently his psychologist said he is extremely concerned about his cruelty to animals, his manipulation, physical and verbal abuse and lying. He is obsessed with fires, lies profusely and denies all actions unless backed into a corner then has no guilt and justifies his actions and says 'so what'.
His Psychologist said he is heading towards a psychopathic diagnosis. I am tired and emotionally drained and no one will help. He has just had a IQ test that said he is socially (.3%) and memory (9%) retarded but because in everything else he is high functioning, all Govt agencies wont fund us for help and we don't know where to turn. He rules our house simply by saying 'I have rights and you can't do anything about it'.
We have been advised to put him on the streets but as a parent that isn't an easy answer to the problem. Bar the criminal record (which I am sure will come eventually) he fits all the categories for psychopath. Can anyone help me with where I can turn next before this child ruins his and our families life?? (We are in Australia). There must be program for psychopaths to be not necessarily expected to understand society's rules naturally, or through intuition, and empathize with people, but to at least be shown how to project their actions forward in their mind, to emphasize that certain actions won't get them the best result. From there, they could be shown how to think of other actions that get them what they want without hurting anyone.
This way, even if they never understand how it feels to be hurt and empathize with their victims, they can be taught to at least see that society will retaliate if they hurt others and stop their control of their own lives, so it doesn't do them any good in the long run either. In other words, they could be taught to work with their cold, calculating ways to plan actions ahead in better ways, perhaps? Any psychopaths out there have feedback on whether they think this approach would help, or if they know any such programs already in place? I have an 84 year old mother who is bi-polar and has psychopathic personality disorder (under medication and psychiatrist care). I am now caring for her and have moved her in to live with me and my family and I am wondering how to protect myself and my family from her cunning and manipulative behavior.
She has already had one of her 'so-called' friends report me to Adult Protective Services saying that I 'pushed her' down our stair way. Approximately one year ago, she fell down the stairs in our home, but it was on her own. Luckily, she's been under a psychiatrist care since she's been living with me and he is well aware of her history and her background. He knows that she has a major problem with tellling the truth but I'm concerned about protecting myself and family from any future drama she may cause. Any advise will be greatly appreciated!!! Cindy, Unfortunately, your son is exhibiting sociopathic/psychopathic tendencies. The anger and sadism manifesting in animal mutilation is considered a significant precursor to violent behavior later in life.
If you can't get him proper mental care, or begin fearing for your or your family's safety, he may be too far removed from normal life, and should be institutionalized. If you explain to him how animals simply desire to live, to explore, and continue to survive, then ask him why he would want to stop that, the response should give you a lot to think about. It seems to me that 11 of the traits listed above describing psychopathic behavior can be true of anyone, the remaining 9 are for those who have been caught committing crimes. What about the rest of the society where their behavior seens to be normal.
Many of those going undetected are people of wealth and affluence. These people are running the country and dictating what is morally correct in society. Psychopathic behavioral traits include but are not limited criminal activities, but also demonstrates a lack of concern for other peoples feelings, a lack of regard for their safety, along with many, many lies for selfish gain are spread through propaganda via the media. This type of psychopath has been rewarded and gone undetected due to being distracted by survival. I find your testing to be discriminatory and racist, and many of the people incarcerated in the USA are people of color. K, I find your comments fascinating. Fascinating because I myself am a sociopath.
It's very sad that sociopathic/psychopathic people cannot be more forward with doctor's and clinicians with their disorder. Imagine if you didn't have feelings for anyone but you couldn't tell anyone because of fear of how they would react? It's a very lonely existence. I remember when I became aware that I was a sociopath and how disturbed I was by it. I'm non-violent which makes it easier for me to function in society but I can't imagine how hard it is for others.
It really bothers me that the only psychopathic people who receive treatment are the ones who have committed crimes and are incarcerated. Those of us who have never broken the law however, have no choice but to remain silent. I really want to feel emotion and I would love to be a part of program that was dedicated to helping people build emotional responses. These programs need to exist so that people like myself can be treated. It's hard being trapped in your head all the time. You really don't understand what that's like. People always complain of what it's like to be victim to a sociopath but you rarely hear of what it's like to victim of sociopathy - to have the disorder.
Nick, from my experience it isn't so much about a lack of emotions, but more about non being able to recognise them. You probably do have emotions and they end up registered somewhere in your body, but you're not able to recognise them, and even if/when you realise you're feeling something you have no words to attach to the feeling anyway. That's the reason why you hear from the victims - they can verbalise their distress: psycopath or sociopath can't. I have no solutions, but why not start from the way you felt disturbed when realising you're a sociopath. Try to give more details to it, trying to describe the feeling. It's a bit like describing a taste or a smell, it's always approximate. I read this and I am sickened by all the comments.
No, I am not exaggerating. I am utterly disgusted by the amount of animosity displayed in these comments. You post these horrible comments about people who have problems and.could. be helped if they were just understood a bit more.
You speak of them as monsters before suggesting that society abandons and disowns them. Most of you probably vote for human rights, but you are quick to disown anyone that can't do something so mundane as feel emotions.
Have any of you considered that these sociopaths might not feel any incentive to change because the society in which they live is already so cold and unforgiving? Who would want to get better for such a place to live?
No, I'm not a sociopath- obviously, since I am infuriated by what I'm reading. In fact, I could say that anyone who could so easily dispose of others in the name of social balance is a 'sociopath'.
I understand a lot of you have been hurt by people without empathy, but I'll tell you what.I have been hurt a.lot. by such a lack of empathy by everyone who is doing OK in life and feels too complacent with life to care about anyone who can't measure up to their standards. It's people like all of you that make me want to say 'screw it' to all the 'knowledge' about psychology, after years of being taught by therapists and doctors to get better mainly so other people will like me. I have Bipolar Disorder and OCD, and the fact that I am expected to accept that I am 'flawed' in comparison to you hypocrites infuriates me. You guys lack the empathy you claim to have more than anyone else, and yet, you only write about yourselves, and do so with such pride. You don't deserve to call yourselves compassionate individuals. Do that when you realize that the world is a cruel place, and people suffer outside of your comfy little worlds and limited awareness.
Reading between the lines, can you not see the hurt these individuals cause in other's lives? It's not always easy to be compassionate to someone who has destroyed your life. Personally, I don't give a damn what happens to the sociopath who has recently caused so much pain to two of my friends and me.
I don't think he should be locked up but if I were to hear that someone had administered to him a sound beating, I would not turn a hair. You can't expect to go through life hurting people so and expect no come-backs.
I also had bi-polar for many years, but it just doesn't bother me that people see me as flawed. We are all of us flawed, and I have tons of awesome amazing friends who don't see me like that. I seek kind, trusting people out, because that is what I try to be. Sociopaths should leave the rest of us alone and hang out with each other. If indeed they feel nothing, then they can't get hurt. To Jay: Obviously you have been affected by your problems with OCD and Bipolar Disorder. Believe me when I say I feel for you and anyone with mental disease problems.
I have a friend with OCD and ADHD and sometimes I need time out with him, however he is my friend and he knows that. I have had a few friends with other problems as well and grew up with a mother who frabricated stories and manipulated others to further her own ends.but I would not go so far to say she was a psychopath, simply a very smart woman who did not live to her potential. Now, having said that.you are dead wrong about psychopaths. Most are dangerous to society at large in one way or another. I will never befriend a psychopath simply because we can never be best friends who love one another. I will work along side with one, but I will always be watchful.
The few overriding factors that separates psychopathy from other mental disorders is: Psychopaths KNOW EXACTLY what they are and definitely know right from wrong. They are usually intelligent and want what they want with no regard for others.
I am not talking about the 1% who are killers and criminals.it's the other 4% that appear normal and live amongst us. Our only defense (we empaths) is to recognize these differences. I do agree that before passing judgements, people need to learn more about different mental diseases.
For example, I recently learned that autism is opposite to psychopathy. Psychopaths became really good at reading people so that they can be socially responsive.however usually with ulterior motives. Autistics are empathetic but cannot read people. However they do have human emotions unlike psychopaths.
I am fascinated about what is being learned within the brains. THIS IS SCIENCE! Perhaps one day, these brain problems can be corrected when discovered in young children. Now that is what we all ought to hope for.
Also, did you know that psychopathy is inherited (the brain problem I mentioned)? That ought to tell you something. From my personal experience I have two sons; one natural, one adopted. Both are sociopaths, one is also bi-polar. The oldest has made a living hell for anyone around him.
At 15 he was convicted of kidnapping, attempted murder, robbery, grand theft auto ad nauseum. He is now 42 and has spent over half his life incarcerated.
On this Christmas Eve he was released from custody. The first thing he did was telephone my 19 year old grand daughter and ask for money and transportation. She gave him neither and received a death threat for her troubles.
We have tried everything possible to help him but nothing works. We have written him off, disengaged ourselves entirely and hope he obeys the state restraining order. Small chance of that though.
The second showed anti-social problems at a very early age of 9 years. He was also incarcerated at 15 for multiple felonies. When he got out at 21 I warned him he would not survive to 30 if he didn't change his ways. Prophetic words! One day before his 30th birthday he was killed committing another violent crime.
Such is life in the real world. I'll admit to being firm in my views on sociopaths. I feel they have no place in our society unless willing to learn and change their ways. My twenty seven years in law enforcement has exposed me to too many of this ilk. If you have a psychopath in your life run as fast as you can in the opposite direction!
These people do not deserve kindness and for those psychopaths commenting on this forum asking for the non-psychopaths to have pity on you - can just go to hell. We aren’t stupid, we know you are just trying to use our own ability to feel against us. These people pray on those of us who have feelings for sport! We are their entertainment. I have no pity for psychopaths.
They do not deserve anything in life. Highly intelligent and great at reading people they are all bottom feeders who know right from wrong but mess with us just because they are bored.
It’s inexcusable and disgraceful. They are unable to feel. Unable to feel!! They destroy the lives of the people around them unnecessarily. My mother in law is a psychopath and while I can’t avoid or escape my abuser I limit contact.
If I must talk to her, keep my conversations about the weather. I say please and thank you and when she asks about my family I tell her everyone is great, thank you for asking.
Nothing more. I no longer engage her or tell her anything personal about myself. She can turn just about anything into some drama. The things she’s said and done are just amazingly horrible - so horrible that people can’t even comprehend how or why someone could do those things that they usually don’t believe me and think I’m the crazy one! I get the “why would anyone do that” why? How” because she can’t feel anything about anyone, not even her own children. Sympathy and pity are the hallmark characteristics of a socio.
If you meet someone and think 'wow what a personal thing to tell me.They must really think I'm trustworthy' You are being 'baited'.They use the pity and sympathy card to try and find codependents, its like fishing.My dad is one and the only emotion he has is fear. Fear of being 'caught' and having his freedom taken away. If he did go to jail his next step would be to figure out how to charm his way out, it wouldn't be to reflect on the crime.He does not feel shame or guilt at all. My motto I live by is 'Never trust anybody that is too giving, too nice, too soon!' This motto has saved me a few encounters the last few years. Also, I don't think the people claiming to be sociopaths on this blog really are, they may be on the spectrum, but a real antisocial sociopath would never care enough to research their personality.
To them nothing is wrong it's the 'other' persons fault. Jay, Sorry to hear your are outraged by those of us who are considered to be 'normal.' You obviously have NO idea what it is like to try to love someone who displays psychopathic traits on a daily basis.
Try to imagine every single thing, in your life, being disordered/erratic/unstable/awry/confabulated//hidden/damaged/ignored/lost. Try to imagine walking around on eggshells, so you don't set-off another rage-attack from the one who is supposed to love you beyond all others. Try to imagine being rejected and neglected, on a constant basis. Try to imagine realizing that your husband not only does NOT love you, but does NOT love his/your children, either.
Try to imagine what it is like to be told your mate is no longer interested in having sex with you, then you find him, all over the house, engaged in the act of self-gratification. What's MY problem? Rejection and neglect. What's his problem?
Fear of intimacy, as well as many other issues, caused by his ever worsening psychopathy. I can definitely see it as a disorder and deserving pity, but considering it's an uncurable, untreatable blight you need to know how to recognize and defend against it. The sociopaths I've dealt with have been seriously destructive.
I have one on my team now and luckily he's thrown himself into a corner and been restricted so much that his overblown sense of ego and accomplishment is becoming glaringly obvious (He's failing really bad at something now and has nobody to blame but himself). I certainly don't think he has redemption in him, it's clearly apparent that he will push his anti-social tendencies to the maximum ability of any given situation. When he is denied control, he gets visibly upset. I'm starting to find it funny, but for the longest time I found him very stressful and anxiety inducing, before I was aware of what he was. Now that I know he's really kind of a moron and a sociopath, it will be very easy to make a case against him by ignoring him and just documenting his anti-social behaviors. If he loses his job and ends up on the street should I feel bad? Well the one thing I do know is that if he put me on the street, he wouldn't feel bad.
So I choose actively to limit my empathy for him, because I know he does not have it for me or any other coworkers. Jay, I applaud your calling out for understanding, but understanding will not help a sociopath/psychopath in the way I think you hope it will. My sister is one, and she has used everyone who she could con or manipulate, especially my Mother and one of my brothers. I am armed with knowledge of her nature and this allows me to be nice to her while protecting myself from her lies and schemes and manipulation. This is NOT being two-faced. This is financial survival.she would gladly take my last dime and leave me to starve so she would be able to continue in her self-serving ways.and she would not give a hoot. On the surface she is very emotional, but right underneath she lacks any real sense of right and wrong, except what benefits her at the moment.
Hi, I am trying to find out how I go about finding a forensic therapist who is trained and understands what it takes to diagnose a psychopath. I am now divorced from one, but we have a child together.
I am finally off death row being married to him. Unfortunately, his first wife is on full mental and emotional disability because of his behavior. He took their three boys and was able to get her to sign away any parental rights. He is trying to do the same to me. He is a classic narc-psychopath and I want to get him court ordered to be tested.I live in Charleston SC. Do you know how I go about getting a list of qualified therapist who are aware of this type of testing? Thanks so much.
Nick-you really DON'T want to feel emotion. Remember that emotions can be quite negative.
You say that it's hard being trapped in your head all the time. I find that it is also difficult to deal w/ the emotions of others. People always complain of what it's like to be victim to a sociopath but you rarely hear of what it's like to victim of sociopathy - to have the disorder. In my 60+ years I can't say I've ever loved anybody. There have been those who I care for, but love?
No, I don't think so.
The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) Welcome to 'Without Conscience' Robert Hare's Web Site devoted to the study of Psychopathy Psychopathy Scales PCL-R For a list of research references on psychopathy, the PCL-R and its derivatives, visit our. For information on the potential misuse of the PCL-R see: Hare, R. The Hare PCL-R: Some issues concerning its use and misuse. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 101-122. A review of the PCL-R by S.M. Fulero in the Twelfth Mental Measurements Yearbook (pages 453-454), J.C.
Conoley and J.C. Impara (eds).
Lincoln, Nebraska, Buros Institute, described the PCL-R as 'state of the art.both clinically and in research use'. Recent surveys of the literature have determined that the PCL-R is the single best predictor of violent behaviour currently available. In clinical settings, the PCL-R is used for psycho-diagnostic purposes. Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future, the absolute value is of critical importance.
The potential for harm is considerable if the PCL-R is used incorrectly, or if the user is not familiar with the clinical and empirical literature pertaining to psychopathy. Clinicians should. Possess an advanced degree in the social, medical, or behavioral sciences, such as a Ph.D., D.Ed.
Or M.D. Be registered with the local state or provincial registration body that regulates the assessment and diagnosis of mental disorder (e.g., psychological or psychiatric association);. Have experience with forensic populations (as demonstrated by registration as a diploma in forensic psychology or psychiatry, completion of a practicum or internship in a clinical-forensic setting,or at least two years of relevant work-related experience). Limit their use of the PCL-R to those populations in which it has been fully validated. The manual, published in 1991, stated that this meant only adult male forensic populations (e.g.,institutional or community correctional facilities, forensic psychiatric hospitals, and pre trial evaluation or detention facilities.) However, there now is enough empirical evidence to support its use with female and adolescent offenders, as well as with sex offenders. Insure that they have adequate training and experience in the use of the PCL-R.
We further recommend that, wherever possible, the PCL-R scores of two independent raters should be averaged so as to increase the reliability of the assessment.
The Psychopathy Checklist or Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, now the Psychopathy Checklist—revised ( PCL-R), is a tool most commonly used to assess the presence of in individuals. It is a 20-item inventory of perceived and recorded behaviors, intended to be completed on the basis of a along with a review of 'collateral information' such as official records.
Robert D Hare
The PCL was originally developed in the 1970s by Canadian psychologist for use in, based partly on Hare's work with male offenders and forensic inmates in Vancouver, and partly on an influential clinical profile by American psychiatrist first published in 1941. An individual's score may have important consequences for his or her future, and because the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable, Hare argues that the test should be considered valid only if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under scientifically controlled and licensed, standardized conditions.
Hare receives on licensed use of the test. In terms, the current version of the checklist has two factors (sets of related scores) that correlate about 0.5 with each other, with Factor One closer to Cleckley's original personality concept than Factor Two. Hare's checklist does not incorporate the 'positive adjustment features' that Cleckley did. Contents. PCL-R model of psychopathy The PCL-R is used for indicating a dimensional score, or a categorical diagnosis, of psychopathy for clinical, legal or research purposes. It is rated by a (such as a psychologist or other professional trained in the field of mental health, psychology, or psychiatry), using 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a.
The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offense and probability of rehabilitation. The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists three factors (1.a, 1.b, and 2.a), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via.
The previous edition of the PCL-R listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled 'selfish, callous and remorseless use of others'. Factor 2 is labelled as 'chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle'. There is a high risk of recidivism and mostly small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having 'psychopathy' on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.
PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with. They are associated with extraversion and. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to and and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R in prisons in some countries is criminals convicted of and/or. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.
Items Each of the 20 items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale, with a rating of 0 if it does not apply at all, 1 if there is a partial match or mixed information, and 2 if there is a reasonably good match to the offender. This is said to be ideally done through a face-to-face interview together with supporting information on lifetime behavior (e.g. From case files), but is also done based only on file information.
It can take up to three hours to collect and review the information. Out of a maximum score of 40, the cut-off for the label of psychopathy is 30 in the United States and 25 in the United Kingdom. A cut-off score of 25 is also sometimes used for research purposes. High PCL-R scores are positively associated with measures of and, persistent criminal behavior, and negatively associated with measures of and affiliation.
Early of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g., shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behavior: (e.g., criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behavior controls, ). The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low risk but high scores on scales of achievement and social potency. In addition, the use of analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor-2 items. In contrast, factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socioeconomic status and high risk of. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder.
Research, however, has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples. Researchers Cooke and Michie suggested, using statistical analysis involving, that a three-factor structure may provide a better model, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behavior (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioral problems and poor behavioral controls) removed. The remaining items would be divided into three factors: arrogant and deceitful interpersonal style, deficient affective experience and impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the three-factor model and argue that there are statistical and conceptual problems.
In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behavior factor, consisting of those factor-2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single, unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors. The Cooke & Michie hierarchical three-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model. New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct, which represents the interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and overt antisocial features of the personality disorder. Usage The PCL-R is widely used to assess individuals in high security, prisons and other settings.
This may be of help in deciding who should be detained or released, or who should undergo what kind of treatment. It is also used for its original purpose - to carry out basic psychology studies of psychopathy. The PCL-R also has some wide use as a tool that attempts to predict who will offend. It has been touted as unparalleled in its ability in this regard, and there have been some positive studies, especially early on. However, several recent studies and very large-scale have cast serious doubt on whether it performs as well as other instruments, or better than chance, and to the extent that it does, whether this is largely due its inclusion of past offending history, rather than the personality trait scores that make it unique. In addition although in controlled research environments the of the PCL-R may be satisfactory, in real-world settings it has been found to have rather poor agreement between different raters, especially on the personality trait scores.
Further, a review which pooled together various risk assessment instruments including the PCL, found that peer-reviewed studies on which the developer or translator of the instrument was an author (which in no case was disclosed in the journal article) were twice as likely to report positive predictive findings. On the purported basis of concerns about, inadequately trained raters, and general misuse or overuse of the test including with different racial groups, an advice guide was published in 2011 on how to pass the Hare PCL-R.
There are additional inventories directly from the PCL-R, including the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) and Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. The PCL:SV was developed as a labor-saving assessment for the same forensic settings as the PCL-R and to meet the needs of settings where clients do not necessarily have criminal records (e.g. Civil psychiatric patients).
The PCL:YV assesses juvenile psychopathy in children and adolescents. Comparison with psychiatric diagnoses Among laypersons and professionals, there is much confusion about the meanings and differences between psychopathy, sociopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and the diagnosis, dissocial personality disorder. Hare takes the stance that psychopathy as a syndrome should be considered distinct from the DSM-IV's antisocial personality disorder construct, even though ASPD and psychopathy were intended to be equivalent in the DSM-IV.
However, those who created the DSM-IV felt that there was too much room for on the part of when identifying things like remorse and guilt; therefore, the DSM-IV panel decided to stick to observable behavior, namely socially behaviors. As a result, the diagnosis of ASPD is something that the 'majority of criminals easily meet'. Hare goes further to say that the percentage of incarcerated criminals that meet the requirements of ASPD is somewhere between 80 and 85 percent, whereas only about 20% of these criminals would qualify for a diagnosis of what Hare's scale considers to be a psychopath. This twenty percent, according to Hare, accounts for 50 percent of all the most serious crimes committed, including half of all serial and repeat. Hare wants the to list psychopathy as a unique disorder, saying psychopathy has no precise equivalent in either the, where it is most strongly correlated with the diagnosis of, or the, which has a partly similar condition called dissocial personality disorder.
Both organizations view the terms as synonymous. But only a minority of those in institutions whom Hare and his followers would diagnose as psychopaths are violent offenders. Other psychopathy findings According to Hare, one study produced in 1992 found that 44 percent of offenders who killed a police officer were psychopaths. The study was 'Killed in the Line of Duty: A Study of Selected Felonious Killings of Law Enforcement Officers.' There has been some controversy over the use of the PCL-R by UK prison and secure psychiatric services, including its role in the government's new administrative category of 'Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder' (a separate older administrative category of 'psychopathic disorder' in the Mental Health Act was abolished in 2007). One leading forensic psychologist, while Deputy Chief at the, has argued that it has not lived up to claims that it could identify those who would not benefit from current treatments or those most likely to violently reoffend. A study using the PCL-R to examine the relationship between antisocial behavior and found that suicide history was strongly correlated to PCL-R factor 2 (reflecting antisocial deviance) and was not correlated to PCL-R factor 1 (reflecting affective functioning).
Given that ASPD relates to factor 2, whereas psychopathy relates to both factors, this would confirm 's assertion that psychopaths are relatively immune to suicide. People with ASPD, on the other hand, have a relatively high suicide rate. The PCL-R is sometimes used to assess risk of sexual (re)offending, with mixed results. Since psychopaths frequently cause harm through their actions, it is assumed that they are not emotionally attached to the people they harm; however, according to the PCL-R checklist, psychopaths are also careless in the way they treat themselves. They frequently fail to alter their behavior in a way that would prevent them from enduring future discomfort.
In practice, mental health professionals rarely treat psychopathic personality disorders as they are considered untreatable and no interventions have proved to be effective. In the diagnosis of is grounds for detention in secure under the if the individual has committed a serious crime. But since such individuals are disruptive for other patients and are not responsive to treatment this alternative to is not often used. Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future, the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable. The test can only be considered valid if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under controlled conditions. The manipulative skills of some psychopaths are valued for providing audacious.
It is argued psychopathy is adaptive in a highly competitive environment, because it gets results for both the individual and the or, often small political sects they represent. However, these individuals will often cause long-term harm, both to their co-workers and the organization as a whole, due to their manipulative, deceitful, and behaviour. Hare has described psychopaths as 'social predators', 'remorseless predators', or in some cases 'lethal predators', and has stated that 'Psychopathic affect people in all races, cultures, and ethnic groups, and at all levels of income and social status'. Criticism In addition to the aforementioned report by Cooke and Michie that a three-factor structure may provide a better model than the two-factor structure, Hare's concept and checklist have faced other criticisms. In 2010, there was controversy after it emerged that Hare had threatened legal action that stopped publication of a peer-reviewed article on the PCL-R. Hare alleged the article quoted or paraphrased him incorrectly.
The article eventually appeared three years later. It alleged that the checklist is wrongly viewed by many as the basic definition of psychopathy, yet it leaves out key factors, while also making criminality too central to the concept. The authors claimed this leads to problems in overdiagnosis and in the use of the checklist to secure convictions.
University Of British Columbia
Hare has since stated that he receives less than $35,000 a year from associated with the checklist and its derivatives. Hare's concept has also been criticised as being only weakly applicable to real-world settings and tending towards. It is also said to be vulnerable to 'labeling effects', to be over-simplistic, reductionistic, to embody the, and not pay enough attention to context and the dynamic nature of human behavior.
It has been pointed out that half the criteria can also be signs of, or dysfunction (e.g., glibness/superficial charm, grandiosity, poor behavioral controls, promiscuous sexual behavior, and irresponsibility). Some research suggests that ratings made using the PCL system depend on the personality of the person doing the rating, including how empathic they themselves are. One forensic researcher has suggested that future studies need to examine the class background, race and philosophical beliefs of raters because they may not be aware of enacting biased judgments of people whose section of society or individual lives they have no understanding of or empathy for. Notable examples. 's two most notorious, and, were rated on the checklist.
Bernardo scored 35/40, and Homolka 5/40. scored 39/40. scored 38/40.
scored 32/40. See also. References.
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